Union illustrates the positive and negative impact of radium in the film Radioactive.
In the film Radioactive, a celebration of the pioneering work of Marie Curie, VFX facility Union helped illustrate science to the audience either by way of explanation or in a more abstract sense to marry Marie’s thoughts and dreams to her research. The film is directed by BAFTA and Academy Award nominee Marjane Satrapi, and based on the graphic novel “Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout” by Lauren Redniss.
In the male-dominated society of late 19th century Paris, Marie is a fiercely passionate scientist, who struggles to progress her ground-breaking research, despite her obvious brilliance. After joining forces with fellow scientist and future husband, Pierre Curie, they take her exploration of radioactivity forward, discovering not one, but two new elements: radium and polonium. The genius of the Curies’ discoveries and the ensuing Nobel prize propels the devoted couple into the international limelight.
After a tragic accident, Marie continues her work alone resulting in revolutionary discoveries that have dramatic consequences for the modern world – both bad and good.
From the outset, a creative collaboration between VFX Supervisor Simon Hughes and Director Marjane Satrapi was critical in building a creative language that could be used throughout the film. Satrapi has a background in animation and is creatively experimental and brave, making her very exciting to work with. She had created extensive animatics and storyboards and provided lots of reference which helped guide us to a common creative vision on the more conceptual design elements.
Union’s work was often used to illustrate science to the audience either by way of explanation or in a more abstract sense to marry Marie’s thoughts and dreams to her research. The team conducted extensive research into fusion, cell structures and how radium behaves in a cloud chamber to inspire creative interpretations based on reality.
The VFX facility showed the splitting of the atom to discover radium into which the artists introduced a photographic quality to the look so that it didn’t feel like an education video.
When Marie meets Pierre and they bond together in science and marriage, a beautiful visualisation shows the shadows of them making love ascend twisting towards a twinkling night sky which morphs into a fantastical idea of ‘creation’ using a scientifically accurate vision of how atoms move around polonium.
3D scanning actors Rosamund Pike and Sam Riley wearing nude suits standing entwined provided an asset that Union could place in a replica 3D room and cast a light source onto to generate the shadows which were then animated.
The starry polonium sky was created in Houdini.
After her husband’s death, Marie’s dreams are influenced heavily by the impact of their work. She lies in bed surrounded by Radium. We then find her at the centre of a Radium dance that mimics scientific phenomena enveloping her somewhere between art and science.
The dance choreography was inspired by Loie Fuller, a pioneer of dance whose performances combined modern dance, costume and theatrical lighting techniques. She regularly performed at the Folies Bergère music hall in Paris so could well have been seen by Marie.
This beautiful complex sequence has a lot of cuts (60 VFX shots in total) and the bluey green silk costume had LED strips sewn into it to light it up from within. These combined factors would have made blue or greenscreen very hard to handle, so a grey background was chosen for the studio shoot in Budapest.
When retimed in Kronos, the in-costume light artefacts looked like electrical charges producing a kind of temporal effect that Union embraced as part of an overall treatment to create the ethereal effect.
Union then had to place Marie and the dancers into a fully CG Samaritaine environment complete with cobblestone street in order to relight with FX to give it a three-dimensional feel. She also sees her husband’s coffin with blood spilling out of the sides onto cobblestones. This was achieved using fully CG blood combined with elements of fluid dissipating shot on a phantom at high frame rate.
The biggest environment challenge was creating a fully CG version of Paris in the snow complete with La Samaritaine. There were no plates, but the team did have rooftop photography from a previous Union shoot and elements from a location shoot in Budapest to help. Little touches such as matching the blown bulbs on the sign to the period as well as adding a small animated cat on the roof add reality.
Marie’s husband Pierre met with quite a dramatic end, being trampled by a horse-drawn carriage.
Union had to create a fully CG Rue du Pont Neuf bridge complete with cars and people on the street and replace the stunt actor using a mix of digital doubles and the footage shot of Sam on the night. The team also removed the support stunt people and added a painting esque effect to provide the stylised look Marjane was after.
The shoot took place at 3am in -10 degrees and was filmed at slow speed.
With each pass Union logged the camera position and got Sam to walk in at the end to film plates that could be used to replace the stuntman. The artists also lidar scanned him in costume so that they could place him right in the heart of the fatal action using head replacement techniques and animated facial expressions based on the plates.
Towards the end of her life, Marie’s daughter persuades her to volunteer for the war effort taking her portable x-ray machines – petites Curies – into the field to help avoid unnecessary amputations. More than a million French soldiers benefited from their presence.
The World War I battlefield environment was based on a shoot in a cold, muddy field outside of Budapest. There wasn’t much dressed set so Union used Blackmagic to create a library of elements. There was also and only one petit Curie requiring a CG version to allow the creation of a fleet heading into battle.
Transforming the snowy, foggy plate required a big matte painting and the addition of splashes as the wheels went through the puddles as well as smoke and fire. A lot of the matte painting was done in comp–- even on dense smoke shots where Marie’s hair was challenging.
Marie also sees a whole ward filled with her dead husband in one of her visions. To achieve this Union used split screen techniques replacing extras (chosen with similar body shapes and beards) with multiple digital Sam Rileys built from a 3D scan of Sam aided by some good lighting reference.
One of the most devastating impacts to stem from her scientific discoveries is the Chernobyl disaster. Nobody knows what it was really like, but firsthand accounts describe a very different type of fire and Marjane opted for a very stylised, hyper real, painterly aesthetic with an interesting colour palette for the shots inside and outside of the plant.
The studio did an elements shoot where they filmed all sorts of gasses on fire at the top of a hill against the sky at different frame rates and mixed them with a 2.5D DMP and some CG building structure and rubble components to create the stylised look visualized by Marjane and Cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle.
Inside the central chamber, artists added a waterfall and steam coming off the ground using FX and elements that included pouring salt at slow frame rates. The whole room was engulfed in a kind of cloud of particles and strands which was inspired by the stduio’s research into radium’s behavior in a cloud chamber. The group also found some old photographic references from within other reactors and mimicked the distortions found on many of those.
Nuclear weapons are also a consequence of the Curie’s science and the film shows the testing of these in Doomtown, Nevada – a test site established in 1951. Doomtown is a replica US suburban town complete with mannequins dressed by JC Penny.
Union’s Doomtown was shot in Almeria, Spain, where the team extended the set and added mountain ranges using a mix of CG and 2.5D DMPs. The anticipated blue skies didn’t materialize and instead, artists experienced a huge dust storm complete with oppressive, orange skies. he decision was made to embrace these and replace earlier shots.
Union filmed the invited audience who watched the test explosions wearing only ski-goggles as protection in the Budapest studio and placed them into the Almeria environment. To show the impact on the mock town, two identically proportioned rooms were built, one complete with mannequins and home furnishings and one painted black and empty. The inhabited room was rigged with wires and SFX did as much damage as they could. In the black set, Union worked with the SFX team to match the camera angles and shoot more flammable elements before marrying it all together with the addition of a dust storm created in Houdini that blows through the window.
Union’s biggest challenge on this job was re-creating the Hiroshima bomb drop which involved building a fully CG Enola Gay aeroplane which then drops it’s ‘Little Boy’ payload. The view of Hiroshima is based on drone footage of Thailand manipulated into a matte painted environment complete with Hiroshima’s geographically correct river network. The cameras had to be taken higher than drone flying height, but artists were able to tile it together.
The impact and ensuing mushroom cloud was Union’s biggest FX shot to date at the time. The crew did an element shoot of Dettol being piped through a hole in black card in two large fish tanks, which were filmed from two different camera positions at normal and high speed to provide some nice elements, but the shot was largely FX driven.
VFX Supervisor Simon Hughes comments: “This was a unique opportunity to collaborate with a very creative director with a strong vision. Marjane gave us a lot of creative freedom to come up with a visual language based on science to help marry Marie’s story to the impact of her work. It provided the opportunity for us to drive the creative and style. It was great to get stuck into lots of scientific research and flex our design, CG and FX muscles to show what we’re capable of.”